语言趣谈| 水浒传中的女性形象及翻译中的改写(另附推荐书目)
《水浒传》是一部充满男权主义的古典小说,而且许多女性角色都是从反面来进行描写,如潘金莲、阎婆惜等放荡角色,而女性英雄们则都被男性化,失去了女性的柔美,单从女英雄的称呼上就能看出,如一丈青扈三娘、母夜叉孙二娘、母大虫顾大嫂。赛珍珠作为女性译者,发挥了译者的主观能动性,在尊重原文意义的基础上,对原文中的女性形象进行了一定程度的改写。
例1、那清河县里有一个大户人家,有个使女,小名唤作潘金莲,年方二十馀岁,颇有些颜色。因为那个大户要缠他,这使女只是去告主人婆,意下不肯依从。那个大户以此恨记于心,却倒赔些房奁,不要武大一文钱,白白嫁与他。
赛译:Now in the city of Ching Ho was a great family who had a slave girl whose mother’s family was surnamed Pan, and her own name was Golden Lotus. Her age was something over twenty and she was exceedingly beautiful. Because the lord of that house desired her this maid wanted to tell his wife for she would not give in to him. Then the Lord remembered this and hated her, and so he gave her a dowry and he gave her for nothing to Wu The First as wife.
沙译:Now, it happened that a wealthy family there had a maidservant by the name of Pan Jinlian. In her early twenties, she was quite pretty, and the master of the house began pestering her. Jinlian, or Golden Lotus, didn’t want him, and told his wife. He hated her so much for this that he personally provided her with a dowry and married her off to Wu the Elder, free of charge.
解析:此片段介绍了潘金莲的身世背景,以及嫁给武大郎的缘由。沙博理的译文为“Jinlian, or Golden Lotus, didn’t want him”。而赛珍珠的译文为“she would not give in to him”,“give in to”展现了潘金莲不愿屈服、敢于反抗的性格特点。赛译增加了作者自己的理解,引导读者在男权世界下对女性主体的重新认识。
例2、潘金莲被武松说了这一篇,一点红从耳朵边起,紫涨了面皮,指着武大便骂道:“你这个腌臜混沌!有甚么言语在外人处说来,欺负老娘!我是一个不戴头巾男子汉,叮叮嗜喈的婆娘!拳头上立得人,胳膊上走得马,人面上行得人,不是那搠不出的鳖老婆。”
赛译:When Wu Sung had said this to the woman a little red began to creep out from her ears and her face turned a deep scarlet. She pointed at Wu The Elder and began to curse, saying, “ You filthy stupid thing! What have you been saying outside to persecute me? I am as good as a man even if I do not wrap a man’s kerchief about my head. A good sound female I am — as sound as a cup that rings true I am! A man could stand on my fist, and a horse could gallop on my outstretched arm! I am better than the best! I am not one of those that cannot be brought out for others to see, and I am no good — for — naught female.”
解析:这段话描写的是潘金莲勾引武松遭拒后的情景。潘金莲在原文中是个放荡的泼妇形象,也是历来不贞女性的象征,但是赛珍珠的译文中增补了“I am as good as a man”“ A good sound female I am”和“I am no good — for — naught female”这些语句,反而给读者留下了一个巾帼不让须眉的直爽女性的形象,展现了潘金莲虽拥有姣好面容,却嫁给武大郎,内心深处的不满与愤怒。
例3、看看抹过大树边,早望见一个酒店,门前窗槛边坐着一个妇人,露出绿纱衫儿来。头上黄烘烘的插着一头钗环,鬓边插着些野花......下面系一条鲜红生绢裙,搽一脸胭脂铅粉,敞开胸脯,露出桃红纱主腰,上面一色金钮。
赛译:Passing beside the tree they saw a wine shop and there on a beach beneath the window and beside the door sat a woman and she was robed in a green robe and on her head were many yellow glittering ornaments of gold. Over her ears she had thrust wild flowers...She wore girdle about her a thin silk skirt of a deep red color. All over her face she had spread powder and paint, and her gown was open at the bosom so that her inner garment showed a pale peach hue. Across the top of this garment was a row of gold buttons, each like to the other.
解析: 选段为孙二娘的出场,原作者用了“露出”、“敞开”、“搽”等字眼,展现了一个略显粗鲁低俗的女性形象,而赛珍珠只选用了较为中性的词语,如“open”“show”“wear”,一定程度上弱化了原文中被贬低的人物形象。
例4、一丈青见宋江义气深重,推不得,两口儿只得拜谢了。
赛译:The The Ten Foot Green Snake, seeing how kind a man Sung Chiang was, could not refuse him.
沙译:Ten Feet of Steel saw how deeply Song Jiang felt his chinalrous obligation. She was unable to refuse.
解析:在梁山三位女英雄中,一丈青扈三娘最为漂亮,武功也很高强,但在男权社会中,她完全处于失语状态。即使宋江设计让宋太公认她做干女儿,然后将她许配给王矮虎时,也只好顺从接受。在沙译中将义气译为“chivalrous obligation”,而在赛译中则为“seeing how kind a man Sung Chiang was”。这个“义气”,更多的其实是宋江对往矮虎的义气,是建立在决定他人婚嫁之上的义气。赛珍珠将其解读为宋江对自己不错,不能让宋江难堪,无奈答应。
赛珍珠并不认同《水浒传》中对女性的偏见,在处理处于被丑化和失语的女性角色时,她采取个性化的翻译策略,让这些女性形象更加多面、更加立体丰富。
注:以上语料整理来自“沪江英语”
推荐书目:翻译中的改写
推荐第一本书《从跨文化操纵到文化和合——<聊斋志异>英译研究》运用描述翻译学的方法,对160余年的《聊斋志异》英译进行了客观的历时和共时描述性研究,并在此基础上归纳出《聊斋志异》英译历史过程的总体特征以及中国典籍英译的总体发展趋势。本研究具有如下几个创新之处:首先,将描述翻译学理论引入到《聊斋志异》英译研究。其次,对《聊斋志异》在英语世界的旅行轨迹作了一番全面详尽的梳理。最后,首次对《聊斋志异》英译作了一个系统的描述性研究,并在此基础上归纳出《聊斋志异》英译历史过程的总体特征以及中国典籍英译的总体发展趋势。
也许谈到改写就不能不谈翻译伦理了,本次推荐的第二本“翻译与改写”相关 的书是《翻译伦理:韦努蒂翻译思想研究》。I am most grateful to you for the time, effort, and expertise you have devoted to my work and especially to insuring that a more accurate and comprehensive understandingof it is available in China.
——Temple University Lawrence Venuti 意大利裔美籍学者劳伦斯·韦努蒂教授也曾跟这本书的作者张景华博士多次交流,确保贴近其译论主张和翻译思想。《翻译伦理:韦努蒂翻译思想研究》详细解读了韦努蒂自始至终所坚持的理论主张,分析了其思想的理论范式与伦理诉求,同时对韦努蒂翻译理论在中国的借鉴和传播进行了“反思”,即深入思考其差异性伦理的局限性和本身的“矛盾情绪”。作者书中结合了大量中国文化语境相关的文化翻译现象,比如“庞德译诗自主性”
谈到庞德翻译的改写现象,推荐的第3本跟翻译与改写有关的书是《目的与策略:庞德翻译研究》旨在促进翻译的多元化研究,从社会文化角度进行文学翻译研究、寻找评判诗歌翻译的多元化标准。该书从目的论角度对庞德的译作进行深入研究和探讨,拓宽了翻译研究的范围,从简单的文本分析欣赏转向多元化视角分析,将译者思想、社会文化环境和翻译策略融合起来进行全面研究。在目的论原则的参照下,翻译的诸多要素,如译者的作用、接受者的角色以及源语文本的地位在新的理论视角中出现了新的意义。同时,《目的与策略:庞德翻译研究》融合了共时性与历时性的研究视角,所谓共时性研究,即研究庞德翻译思想、翻译风格以及社会文化环境,从而更完善地了解其翻译的目的;所谓历时性研究,即进行细致深入的文本对比与分析研究,揭示出庞德翻译目的对其翻译策略的决定性作用。
复旦大学刘敬国副教授撰写的《系统中的风格——<小品般若经>六种汉译本翻译风格研究》以《小品般若经》的六种现存汉语译本作为研究素材,试图从比较全面的角度,凭借一手资料,重新审视佛经翻译这一中国历史上的大规模的翻译活动,借以探寻翻译话动自身具有的规律和文化意义,以对当今的译学建设提供借鉴。 在我国佛经翻译史上,同经异译虽是十分普遍的现象,然而像《小品般若经》这样前后共历九译(三佚六存)、时间跨度达八百余年者,并不多见。而且,这些不同译本的译者多是各个时代的代表性佛经译家,有几位还发表过对后世影响深远的译论。从某种程度上说,《小品般若经》的翻译史不啻为整个佛经汉译史的缩影,是我们进行佛经翻译研究难得的研究资料。在研究方法上,本书通过引用大量的哲学史、佛教史、高僧传记、佛经目录、汉译佛经的序言提记等文献中的史实和数据,将理论演绎建立在严密的考证基础上。同时,本书将具体的话语行为还原到它们的历史和文化语境之中,将文本的微观特征同其发生的宏观背景结合起来,努力发掘潜藏在历史资料背后的事实、模式和意义。
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